There is a variety of terms that can generate confusion: psychological operations, influence operations and information warfare (Brangetto, Veenendaal 2016). According to several authors, oftentimes, the terms information operation and information warfare are used indiscriminately, that is, as synonyms (Lin 2018 / Vandomme 2010). Influence operations can encompass information operations (Brangetto, Veenendaal 2016). Specifically, this article is centered on the influence exerted on certain audiences, depending on the messages / narratives conveyed through various channels, such as traditional and social media. This article is based on bibliographic research and, chiefly, exclusive interviews with the following experts:Īs part of this piece, it is vital to take into account the concept of influence operations: in general, every activity conducted by States or by any other groups, in both times of peace and wartime, including the gray-zone context, with the aim of influencing a target audience (Brangetto, Veenendaal 2016 / Starling, Iyer, Giesler February 23, 2022). Keywords: (counter)intelligence influence operations information operations ontological security political warfare This work results from bibliographic research and exclusive interviews with a variety of experts. The subject under analysis presents some new features and, as such, said operations can cause unpredictable reactions, chiefly from States. The Internet and Artificial Intelligence (A.I.), as well as a few aspects with regard to training future information / psychological warfare professionals, are also highlighted. PhD in Communication Sciences, BA in International JournalismĮ-mail: article addresses various aspects related to influence operations, such as targets, social and individual resilience, ontological security and (counter)intelligence.
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